Glib::Object::Introspection − Dynamically create Perl language bindings
use
Glib::Object::Introspection;
Glib::Object::Introspection−>setup(
basename => 'Gtk',
version => '3.0',
package => 'Gtk3');
# now GtkWindow, to mention just one example, is available
as
# Gtk3::Window, and you can call gtk_window_new as
Gtk3::Window−>new
Glib::Object::Introspection uses the gobject-introspection and libffi projects to dynamically create Perl bindings for a wide variety of libraries. Examples include gtk+, webkit, libsoup and many more.
To allow
Glib::Object::Introspection to create bindings for a
library, the library must have installed a typelib file, for
example
"$prefix/lib/girepository−1.0/Gtk−3.0.typelib".
In your code you then simply call
"Glib::Object::Introspection−>setup" with
the following key-value pairs to set everything up:
basename => $basename
The basename of the library that should be wrapped. If your typelib is called "Gtk−3.0.typelib", then the basename is ’Gtk’.
version => $version
The particular version of the library that should be wrapped, in string form. For "Gtk−3.0.typelib", it is ’3.0’.
package => $package
The name of the Perl package where every class and method of the library should be rooted. If a library with basename ’Gtk’ contains an class ’GtkWindow’, and you pick as the package ’Gtk3’, then that class will be available as ’Gtk3::Window’.
The Perl wrappers created by "Glib::Object::Introspection" follow the conventions of the Glib module and old hand-written bindings like Gtk2. You can use the included tool "perli11ndoc" to view the documentation of all installed libraries organized and displayed in accordance with these conventions. The guiding principles underlying the conventions are described in the following.
Namespaces
and Objects
The namespaces of the C libraries are mapped to Perl
packages according to the "package" option
specified, for example:
gtk_ => Gtk3
gdk_ => Gtk3::Gdk
gdk_pixbuf_ => Gtk3::Gdk::Pixbuf
pango_ => Pango
Classes, interfaces and boxed and fundamental types get their own namespaces, in a way, as the concept of the GType is completely replaced in the Perl bindings by the Perl package name.
GtkButton =>
Gtk3::Button
GdkPixbuf => Gtk3::Gdk::Pixbuf
GtkScrolledWindow => Gtk3::ScrolledWindow
PangoFontDescription => Pango::FontDescription
With this package mapping and Perl’s built-in method lookup, the bindings can do object casting for you. This gives us a rather comfortably object-oriented syntax, using normal Perl object semantics:
in C:
GtkWidget * b;
b = gtk_check_button_new_with_mnemonic
("_Something");
gtk_toggle_button_set_active (GTK_TOGGLE_BUTTON (b), TRUE);
gtk_widget_show (b);
in Perl:
my $b = Gtk3::CheckButton−>new_with_mnemonic
('_Something');
$b−>set_active (1);
$b−>show;
You see from this that cast macros are not necessary and that you don’t need to type namespace prefixes quite so often, so your code is a lot shorter.
Flags and
Enums
Flags and enum values are handled as strings, because
it’s much more readable than numbers, and because
it’s automagical thanks to the GType system. Values
are referred to by their nicknames; basically, strip the
common prefix, lower-case it, and optionally convert
’_’ to ’−’:
GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL
=> 'toplevel'
GTK_BUTTONS_OK_CANCEL => 'ok−cancel' (or
'ok_cancel')
Flags are a special case. You can’t (sensibly) bitwise-or these string-constants, so you provide a reference to an array of them instead. Anonymous arrays are useful here, and an empty anonymous array is a simple way to say ’no flags’.
FOO_BAR_BAZ |
FOO_BAR_QUU | FOO_BAR_QUUX => [qw/baz quu qux/]
0 => []
In some cases you need to see if a bit is set in a bitfield; methods returning flags therefore return an overloaded object. See Glib for more details on which operations are allowed on these flag objects, but here is a quick example:
in C:
/* event−>state is a bitfield */
if (event−>state & GDK_CONTROL_MASK) g_printerr
("control was down\n");
in Perl:
# $event−>state is a special object
warn "control was down\n" if
$event−>state &
"control−mask";
But this also works:
warn
"control was down\n" if $event−>state *
"control−mask";
warn "control was down\n" if
$event−>state >= "control−mask";
warn "control and shift were down\n"
if $event−>state >=
["control−mask",
"shift−mask"];
Memory
Handling
The functions for ref’ing and unref’ing objects
and free’ing boxed structures are not even mapped to
Perl, because it’s all handled automagically by the
bindings. Objects will be kept alive so long as you have a
Perl scalar pointing to it or the object is referenced in
another way, e.g. from a container.
The only thing you have to be careful about is the lifespan of non reference counted structures, which means most things derived from "Glib::Boxed". If it comes from a signal callback it might be good only until you return, or if it’s the insides of another object then it might be good only while that object lives. If in doubt you can "copy". Structs from "copy" or "new" are yours and live as long as referred to from Perl.
Callbacks
Use normal Perl callback/closure tricks with callbacks. The
most common use you’ll have for callbacks is with the
Glib "signal_connect" method:
$widget−>signal_connect
(event => \&event_handler, $user_data);
$button−>signal_connect (clicked => sub { warn
"hi!\n" });
$user_data is optional, and with Perl closures you don’t often need it (see "Persistent variables with closures" in perlsub).
The userdata is held in a scalar, initialized from what you give in "signal_connect" etc. It’s passed to the callback in usual Perl "call by reference" style which means the callback can modify its last argument, ie. $_[−1], to modify the held userdata. This is a little subtle, but you can use it for some "state" associated with the connection.
$widget−>signal_connect
(activate => \&my_func, 1);
sub my_func {
print "activation count: $_[−1]\n";
$_[−1] ++;
}
Because the held userdata is a new scalar there’s no change to the variable (etc.) you originally passed to "signal_connect".
If you have a parent object in the userdata (or closure) you have to be careful about circular references preventing parent and child being destroyed. See "Two-Phased Garbage Collection" in perlobj about this generally. Toplevel widgets like "Gtk3::Window" always need an explicit "$widget−>destroy" so their "destroy" signal is a good place to break circular references. But for other widgets it’s usually friendliest to avoid circularities in the first place, either by using weak references in the userdata, or possibly locating a parent dynamically with "$widget−>get_ancestor".
Exception
handling
Anything that uses GError in C will "croak" on
failure, setting $@ to a magical exception object, which is
overloaded to print as the returned error message. The
ideology here is that GError is to be used for runtime
exceptions, and "croak" is how you do that in
Perl. You can catch a croak very easily by wrapping the
function in an eval:
eval {
my $pixbuf = Gtk3::Gdk::Pixbuf−>new_from_file
($filename);
$image−>set_from_pixbuf ($pixbuf);
};
if ($@) {
print "$@\n"; # prints the
possibly−localized error message
if (Glib::Error::matches ($@, 'Gtk3::Gdk::Pixbuf::Error',
'unknown−format')) {
change_format_and_try_again ();
} elsif (Glib::Error::matches ($@, 'Glib::File::Error',
'noent')) {
change_source_dir_and_try_again ();
} else {
# don't know how to handle this
die $@;
}
}
This has the added advantage of letting you bunch things together as you would with a try/throw/catch block in C ++ -- you get cleaner code. By using Glib::Error exception objects, you don’t have to rely on string matching on a possibly localized error message; you can match errors by explicit and predictable conditions. See Glib::Error for more information.
Output
arguments, lists, hashes
In C you can only return one value from a function, and it
is a common practice to modify pointers passed in to
simulate returning multiple values. In Perl, you can return
lists; any functions which modify arguments are changed to
return them instead.
Arguments and return values that have the types GList or GSList or which are C arrays of values will be converted to and from references to normal Perl arrays. The same holds for GHashTable and references to normal Perl hashes.
Object class
functions
Object class functions like
"Gtk3::WidgetClass::find_style_propery" can be
called either with a package name or with an instance of the
package. For example:
Gtk3::WidgetClass::find_style_property
('Gtk3::Button', 'image−spacing')
my $button = Gtk3::Button−>new;
Gtk3::WidgetClass::find_style_property ($button,
'image−spacing')
Overriding
virtual functions
When subclassing a gtk+ class or when implementing a gtk+
interface with Glib::Object::Subclass, you can override any
virtual functions that the class has by simply defining sub
routines with names obtained by capitalizing the original
names of the virtual functions. So, for example, if you
implement a custom subclass of
"Gtk3::CellRenderer" and want to override its
virtual function "render", you provide a sub
routine with the name "RENDER" in your
package.
sub RENDER {
my ($cell, $cr, $widget, $background_area, $cell_area,
$flags) = @_;
# do something
}
"Glib::Object::Introspection−>setup"
"Glib::Object::Introspection−>setup"
takes a few optional arguments that augment the generated
API:
search_path => $search_path
A path that should be used when looking for typelibs. If you use typelibs from system directories, or if your environment contains a properly set "GI_TYPELIB_PATH" variable, then this should not be necessary.
name_corrections => { auto_name => new_name, ... }
A hash ref that is used to rename functions and methods. Use this if you don’t like the automatically generated mapping for a function or method. For example, if "g_file_hash" is automatically represented as "Glib::IO::file_hash" but you want "Glib::IO::File::hash" then pass
name_corrections
=> {
'Glib::IO::file_hash' => 'Glib::IO::File::hash'
}
class_static_methods => [ function1, ... ]
An array ref of function names that you want to be treated as class-static methods. That is, if you want be able to call "Gtk3::Window::list_toplevels" as "Gtk3::Window−>list_toplevels", then pass
class_static_methods
=> [
'Gtk3::Window::list_toplevels'
]
The function names refer to those after name corrections.
flatten_array_ref_return_for => [ function1, ... ]
An array ref of function names that return an array ref that you want to be flattened so that they return plain lists. For example
flatten_array_ref_return_for
=> [
'Gtk3::Window::list_toplevels'
]
The function names refer to those after name corrections. Functions occurring in "flatten_array_ref_return_for" may also occur in "class_static_methods".
handle_sentinel_boolean_for => [ function1, ... ]
An array ref of function names that return multiple values, the first of which is to be interpreted as indicating whether the rest of the returned values are valid. This frequently occurs with functions that have out arguments; the boolean then indicates whether the out arguments have been written. With "handle_sentinel_boolean_for", the first return value is taken to be the sentinel boolean. If it is true, the rest of the original return values will be returned, and otherwise an empty list will be returned.
handle_sentinel_boolean_for
=> [
'Gtk3::TreeSelection::get_selected'
]
The function names refer to those after name corrections. Functions occurring in "handle_sentinel_boolean_for" may also occur in "class_static_methods".
use_generic_signal_marshaller_for
=> [ [package1, signal1,
[arg_converter1]], ... ]
Use an introspection-based generic signal marshaller for the signal "signal1" of type "package1". If given, use the code reference "arg_converter1" to convert the arguments that are passed to the signal handler. In contrast to Glib’s normal signal marshaller, the generic signal marshaller supports, among other things, pointer arrays and out arguments.
reblessers => { package => \&reblesser, ... }
Tells G:O:I to invoke reblesser whenever a Perl object is created for an object of type package. Currently, this only applies to boxed unions. The reblesser gets passed the pre-created Perl object and needs to return the modified Perl object. For example:
sub
Gtk3::Gdk::Event::_rebless {
my ($event) = @_;
return bless $event, lookup_real_package_for ($event);
}
"Glib::Object::Introspection−>invoke"
To invoke specific functions manually, you can use the
low-level
"Glib::Object::Introspection−>invoke".
Glib::Object::Introspection−>invoke(
$basename, $namespace, $function, @args)
|
• |
$basename is the basename of a library, like ’Gtk’. | ||
|
• |
$namespace refers to a namespace inside that library, like ’Window’. Use undef here if you want to call a library-global function. | ||
|
• |
$function is the name of the function you want to invoke. It can also refer to the name of a constant. | ||
|
• |
@args are the arguments that should be passed to the function. For a method, this should include the invocant. For a constructor, this should include the package name. |
"Glib::Object::Introspection−>invoke" returns whatever the function being invoked returns.
Overrides
To override the behavior of a specific function or method,
create an appropriately named sub in the correct package and
have it call
"Glib::Object::Introspection−>invoke".
Say you want to override
"Gtk3::Window::list_toplevels", then do this:
sub
Gtk3::Window::list_toplevels {
# ...do something...
my $ref = Glib::Object::Introspection−>invoke (
'Gtk', 'Window', 'list_toplevels',
@_);
# ...do something...
return wantarray ? @$ref : $ref−>[$#$ref];
}
The sub’s name and package must be those after name corrections.
Converting a
Perl variable to a GValue
If you need to marshal into a GValue, then
Glib::Object::Introspection cannot do this automatically
because the type information is missing. If you do have this
information in your module, however, you can use
Glib::Object::Introspection::GValueWrapper to do the
conversion. In the wrapper for a function that expects a
GValue, do this:
...
my $type = ...; # somehow get the package name that
# corresponds to the correct GType
my $wrapper =
Glib::Object::Introspection::GValueWrapper−>new
($type, $value);
# now use Glib::Object::Introspection−>invoke and
# substitute $wrapper where you'd use $value
...
If you need to call a function that expects an already set-up GValue and modifies it, use "get_value" on the wrapper afterwards to obtain the value. For example:
my $wrapper =
Glib::Object::Introspection::GValueWrapper−>new
('Glib::Boolean', 0);
$box−>child_get_property ($label, 'expand',
$gvalue);
my $value = $gvalue−>get_value
Handling raw
enumerations and flags
If you need to handle raw enumerations/flags or extendable
enumerations for which more than the pre-defined values
might be valid, then use
"Glib::Object::Introspection−>convert_enum_to_sv",
"Glib::Object::Introspection−>convert_sv_to_enum",
"Glib::Object::Introspection−>convert_flags_to_sv"
and
"Glib::Object::Introspection−>convert_sv_to_flags".
They will raise an exception on unknown values; catching it
then allows you to implement fallback behavior.
Glib::Object::Introspection−>convert_enum_to_sv
(package, enum_value)
Glib::Object::Introspection−>convert_sv_to_enum
(package, sv)
Glib::Object::Introspection−>convert_flags_to_sv
(package, flags_value)
Glib::Object::Introspection−>convert_sv_to_flags
(package, sv)
perl-Glib: Glib
gobject-introspection:
<http://live.gnome.org/GObjectIntrospection>
libffi: <http://sourceware.org/libffi/>
Emmanuele Bassi
<ebassi at linux intel com>
muppet <scott asofyet org>
Torsten Schönfeld <kaffeetisch at gmx
de>
This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the Lesser General Public License ( LGPL ). For more information, see http://www.fsf.org/licenses/lgpl.txt